(the answers are in white font under each question - just highlight)

1. A scale for expressing the magnitude of earthquakes, named after an American seismologist (first name Charles). The scale ranges from 0 to 10.
Richter scale.
2. An engine, or a vehicle driven by one, or a heavy mineral oil, named after the German engineer (first name Rudolf) who designed the engine.
Diesel
3. A dessert consisting of meringue topped with fruit and whipped cream, named after a Russian ballerina (first name Anna).
Pavlova.
4. A shallow, circular dish, usually of glass, used especially for growing bacteria, etc., named after a German biologist.
Petri dish.
5. A woodwind musical instrument with a brass body, keys, and a single reed mouthpiece, invented by a Belgian whose first name was Adolphe.
Saxophone.
6. A nervous disorder characterized by spasms of the facial muscles, shoulders, and extremities, sometimes accompanied by grunts, barks, or words, especially obscenities, named after the French neurologist who described it.
Tourette's syndrome (or Tourette's disease, Tourette syndrome).
7. A high-jumping technique whereby the jumper clears the bar headfirst and backwards, named after the winner of the men's high jump at the Mexico Olympics in 1968, who perfected the technique.
Fosbury flop.
8. A popular term for any minor error, or muddle, in speech or writing that appears to reveal an unconscious wish or preoccupation, named after an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.
Freudian slip.
9. A city and port in Macedonia (northern Greece) named after his wife by Cassander, one of Alexander the Great's successors.
Thessalonica.
10. In ice skating, a jump where the skater takes off from the inside back edge of one skate, spins up to three times in the air, and lands on the outside back edge of the other skate, named after a Swedish skater (first name Ulrich) who devised it.
Salchow.