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NP, life happens. Joel Send a noteboard - 15/02/2010 02:06:55 PM
I must have forgotten to check the 'email notificaiton' box, didn't see your reply.

But aren't you glad you can fix that with an edit now? Maybe my favorite feature on RAFO; I used to toss and turn when I forgot to click the box, because there was no way to fix it, and I'm not the only one who "necros" sometimes. As I said, life happens.
Ideally, we're making progress, and I think HDI is a step in the right direction.

It is, but only so long as people openly acknowledge it's limitations, when they base policy off it, they have to defend the whole premise, and that results in justifications of it's accuracy but what's really there, delaying improvement 'because it already works'

I'll never believe any statistical model is perfect; they are approximations by nature, especially used predictively, and as long as there's room for improvement you do so where practical. If policy decisions are based on it (and at a legislative level it's certainly too soon for that with HDI, however much debate fodder it provides us layman) that's more rather than less incentive to improve an always flawed model.
Obviously specific areas of each countries policy can be compared directly, but how should we compare overall effectiveness of all policies?

You really don't need to, when the benefits aren't obvious, then the margin for doubt is present. New policies either require hard sell of charisma, or fail to because they don't show a singinificant and highly probable improvement over the current set up, and are viewed with skepticism because they rock the boat. The liberal's dilemna, invariably, is that outside of desperate times when any change is preferable to what people think of as sinking ship, only changes which show high-prob of significant improvement will be welcomed.

That in itself is reason to seek more accurate and precise metrics. That social sciences are far more inexact than natural ones is, once again, reason for more rather than less effort to change that. Because the liberals dilemma is not a purely hypothetical one; unresolved it can have serious long term consequences even if liberals do have the right idea in some cases. The intersection with Global Warming (for lack of a better term) is a good example here; if those arguing for a large human role in climate change are correct we don't have a lot of time to establish that they are, particularly given the lag between the cause and effect of emissions. On that particular issue I think cost/benefit analysis favors greater efficiency, reduced consumption and development of renewables, because they pay large tangible benefits as ends in themselves even if they aren't inherently necessary (which they well may be. ) However, there frequently arise crises where two or more responses are mutually exclusive, but have potentially devastating or wonderful outcomes, and the clock keeps running while we're deciding which is which.
Oh, indeed, thus we were able to say, "it's rock, not green cheese" a long while before we could take samples. Again, accurate as far as it goes, just not very precise, but still better than nothing because more informed than nothing.

Sure, but knowing you can get to the moon and knowing a rcoket will be involved doesn't mean strapping a rocket to a man in a spacesuit is a good way to do it, even though it 'includes all the right factors - moon, rocket, spacesuit, man', just having all the right factors in play doesn't mean you'll get a better result than raw guesswork, that's why something has to be able to explain where it get's its terms and weights and be expected to predict to better than random what the results are, while showing that the predicitons isn't based of weighting done from raw empirical pattern guessing. The HDI does not predict with any precision beyond common sense, nor does it give a weighting that has any basis beyond a vague common sense guess.

I do think it's better than common sense, but how much better is very much open to debate. In fact, even whether it's better is; it's very hard to "prove" because you have to define your parameters for success first, and we haven't. Part of HDIs appeal is that it helps to do that, if only self-referentially.
Again agreed, but I don't think I've tried to make any predictions or conclusions nearly that narrow. In fact, and once again, the biggest disparity between the US and most of the developed world (Scandinavia in particular) is life expectancy; PPP GDP/capita and education are fairly close (in the latter case they're wrongly treated as identical. ) That's a lot easier to measure with both precision and accuracy; HDI merely introduces factors that elevate the US to the top 15 instead of the top 40 or 50.

But life expectancy, as you know, more strongly correlates to local diet than many other things. And with wealth, LE may even go down if the prefered foods (red meat for instance) are available for relatively cheap purchase. Steaks in Europe, first hand account, are hard to find (beef is far less common) and do not meet the 'texan standard' as many of my fellow servicemembers stationed there with me regularly testified. This has a massive effect on LE and clearly is not subject to any sort of social policy acceptable in the land of "Don't tread on me" and "Rare, like it better still be mooing when you bring it to me, buddy"

I think there's a partial correlation with education, because people are at least more likely to eat well if they know how, whether or not they actually do so. Here again we see that while the strongest correlation (barring long large scale warfare) with life expectancy is diet, diet can be influenced by wealth and education. Why is beef so much less common in Europe, out of proportion to PPP GDP/capita? They may have less graze, but if they have the money beef can be imported (indeed, I believe this was the case in Japan in the '80s and '90s, part of what led to skyrocketing incidence of heart disease. )
To the Bat Graphing Calculator! Certainly 1.5% (the difference between our HDI and Norways) is well within the margin of error (and you are of course right that it's ±2.7; my bad. ) However, the Scandinavian countries have CONSISTENTLY done better than the US over the last eight years (hence the skeptics snarky remark) very close to the decade span you suggest. Yes, it's possible to flip a coin and have it land with the same face eight times (in fact, according to the idiots calling the Super Bowl, the NFC has won the toss for the last dozen years, though that's not really the same as saying it came up heads twelve times straight. ) It's increasingly unlikely the longer you do it though. You may get a bell curve out of that plot, but if the location of each country on that curve is always the same it seems safe to say their relationship along each curve is correct; after that we're just debating how great the disparities really are.

Well, winning a toin coss twelve years in a row is about 1 in 4096, of course, as improbabilities go, it's still the same odds of as any other result, just most of the results produce parallel situations. No, countries staying on the same piece of the plot doesn't mean anything at all, beyond the obvious, that whatever the origin of the inaccuracy it favors them. If we're saying Hyena ownership inaccurately produces an appearance of wealth, the inaccuracy isn't removed because they appear in roughly the same place, the inaccuracy is there because of the existance of a random distribution, and where individual people sit on it indicates no more than that the error is self-consistent.

If the distribution is truly random, then it should fluctuate over time. If we plot countries by per capita hyena ownership, we're not likely to see all the same countries in all the same places; even in Africa there will be variations from year to year between various African countries, and elsewhere we'll probably see a truly random distribution. We may say this metric determines "how African" a country is, but unless we see variations both within and outside Africa we can't say it's random, though it is inaccurate.
By the way, if the trouble here is over my use of inaccurate instead of 'precision', that's fine, the two are essentially interchangeable. A microcope, radar, etc can only be accurate in resolution to half it's wavelength by their nature, or can only be precise to a maximum of that, same thing. Not to be confused with deliberately flawing your data or having mistakes. I can only accurately measure something's speed and momentum down to h-bar over 2, doesn't mean the model's flawed or needs improvement in of itself. The HDI, as is, is at best not precise beyond maybe 2% or so, where the developed countries being compared with it are all at, essentially as a tool, the HDI's resolution is not high enough to look at those things, any more than visual light magniscope can look at objects smaller than 100 nanometers, it is simply impossible.

This is why I'm saying it's purpose is for comparing relatively underdeveloped countries, because the alternative is that it's makers are either scientifically incompetent or have a specific agenda they ar epushing, and I try not to label people as nefarious propagandists with alternatives available. Using it to justify policy inside 1st world countries would be like building a rocket ship to the moon when you don't know to better than 10% what the thrust value per mass of fuel is or what the mass of the vessel itself is.

You've just about convinced me of that from looking harder at the numbers; the problem is the major point of variance, at least between the US and other Western countries, is life expectancy, which is both easier to measure accurately and precisely and far more extreme for us relative to the rest of the West. Education is a wash and GDP/capita favors us against every Western country except Norway and, depending on the agency reporting, either Luxembourg or Lichtenstein. We're back to asking whether greater wealth is worth greater loss of life. It always boils down to that, and the answer seems to depend on which one affects the person asked the most.
I'm inclined to agree, especially after taking a closer look at the data (not that I'm suddenly an expert after a couple nights online, but I do know more than I did because you prompted me to look deeper. ) Certainly Australia would agree. You do realize though, I assume, that we'd end up with an index that measures EVEN MORE how "Scandinavian" a country is, right? Again, since EI is essentially a wash in the developed world (being treated as 99% for all of it) the only thing keep the US in the top 20 (and Norway on top instead of Australia) is PPP GDP/capita. Take it out of the mix and the only thing we're comparing in the developed world is life expectancy, and whether due to social programs or things like gun control and sex ed (which also tend to be more prevalent in socialist countries, not that I'm taking a position on either here) the US comes up short there.

Diet and culture dominate LE, along with wealth and tech of course. Since law-breaking tends to be more common in non-homogenous cultures (i.e. where the law may radically differ from many people's idea of sin or faux pas) it introduces another inaccuracy. Ultimately, for comparing policies, we must be able to say, regarding the HDI, 'is this particular policy from country X rsponsible for an HDI increase, and is it reasonable to expect similiar success as a policy in that other place?' to which the answer is, of course, no. How well would policies promoting the eating of fish of beef work in the US? Would this increase LE? Yes, there can be no doubt that a higher percent of fish to beef in the US diet would increase LE, short of tax incentives - which would probably be butchered in embryo - the only policy that might help on this would be increasing the amount of fish on school menues, hopefully encouraging more children to like fish. Now, that in mind, was there any need for the HDI to come up with that line of reasoning? Again, no. Comparison of social policies inside a margin of error wil meet with greater resistance than say, POTUS coming up on the platform with the Surgeon General and saying "We need more fish in our diet, to that end I am asking congress for 100 million in subsidy to schools to offset the cost of fish, which we will now mandate any school is eligible for if they ensure that unbattered fish will be included on the menu once a week. No additional subsidies will be supplied on this matter." Now, that would probably go over a heck of a lot better than showing some HDI index to people. And I suspect would be the case across the board, the HDI is not only to vague to hold up under scrutiny, but also to generalized to sell individual policy.

Probably so, I wasn't suggesting it be heavily used in Congress or for stump speeches, I was using it as the best metric I could find to encompass standard of living here vs. the rest of the West, which is broad and vague enough it's hard to define itself (in fact, HDI uses the term "standard of living" SOLELY for GDP/capita. ) I believe very strongly we're letting our prejudice against socialism cause us to fall behind the rest of the developed world, and have been doing it for some time, but it's not in any one area, it's nearly all of them, so I don't want to point to just one and say "J'accuse!" It's not that we're living in Third World poverty and squalor (just yet) it's more of an infrastructure thing, but if we make some basic changes now I believe it can simply be transitional. Britain and the rest of Europe went through it after the War, but look at where they are now. Of course, they didn't do it following a Dickensian laissez-faire model either.
In a country with Americas genetic diversity I'm not sure how much of a factor that plays. For that matter, I'm not sure Chinas issue is a genetic one; they have long actively selected for males (post pregnancy) and I suspect that's what does it. Particularly given that Japans genes are fairly close to theirs and they have one of the highest life expectancies in the world (though once again, that may be partly due to some post pregnancy tampering as well. ) I also think this is an area where GDP/capita plays a significant role, maybe not in the fully developed world (though there are a lot more people living on the street and/or going hungry in non-socialists states than socialist ones) but in China in particular one reason male children are preferred is because they don't get pregnant and much of the population is already at the margins of their food supply.

Well, China has a lot more males percent wise then other places. It's not a genetic thing, except so far as males are shorter-lived. But, you get a bias-weight from China simple from abortion too, they can get an abortion after they know gender, and while I don't have a figure on hand (and would doubt the veracity of one considering the source), I think it's a safe bet that people willing to dump their baby girl down a well are at least as likely to abort a female fetus. Ironically this is an example of how HDI could be used for false policy justification, showing abortion to lower LE even though aborted fetus's don't count toward LE, because if the abortion rate of females is higher than males, their net LE will be lower than if that was not the case.

True, China's definitely got more problems than LE, hence I don' think genetics is the primary factor there.
Taxes in general and luxury taxes in particular are not typically regarded as "capitalist" y'know. That is a dangerous mindset though, IMHO, because, while I'm sure you don't mean it that way, it boils down to putting a price on human life. "Even if it were 10 little kiddies and I knew that 30 billion was the exact amount of money to be spent buying X-boxes. " It ALWAYS comes down to that. I don't have an Xbox (I learned my lesson console obsolescence with Atari and Coleco) but still can't imagine having one would improve my quality of life as much as BEING ALIVE improves that of ten kids. And I don't think giving America 300,000,000 Xboxes would either. You can't put a price on human life (and I quite literally thank God for that) but Microsofts initial price for an Xbox was $299.99. That's the difference: I can and do live without an Xbox; I can't live without life. Further, I don't think a country would benefit as much from an Xbox in every pot as it would from 10 more workers, thinkers, creators. What if one of those kids is the next Bill Gates; where does THAT leave the analogy...?

I don't put a price on human life, I engage in triage. What is the cost of a human life? I will not say, but I do know that if I am standing next to a switch on the classic runaway streetcar scenario, I will flip it, because to me it's triage. And whether someone let's the car go down the track and run five people over or flips it onto the track with one person (triage), it is definetly different than flipping it from the track with one person onto the track with five people (arguably homicide).

In this sort of case, taking a billion dollars away via taxes, and then spending it two save a hundred lives when it could have been spent to save a thousand, is not putting a price on human life, it is triage, and no one should ever be allowed in a position of public power who doesn't believe in making a decision whether or not to flip the switch, since we all put them there, in a democracy, specifically to decide whether or not to flip the switch. For the sake of liberty, we need people to sometimes say 'It's not my place to flip this particular switch' (say, gun control or legalized alcohol) but we also need them to be able to say "We've looked into this, the switch has three position. In the up, it will, we think, kill ten people, in the down, twenty, and in the middle, all thirty of them, and right now it's in the middle, I can't be sure, but I'm sure enough, and time is a factor, so I'm flipping the switch up" I want know leaders who wouldn't make that call, pacifism, at that level, is a form of negligent homicide. So in this regard, I can put a price on human life, it's just not dollars, it's other lives. Two for the price of one, all things being equal, is still a good deal, the coin's in play just have faces that aren't dead presidents.

A much better comparison, yes, if a much harder one.
I do believe in marginal returns studies on expenditures by any organization, government or otherwise, but I don't think this comparison is appropriate. If you want to compare food stamps vs. "free" vaccination that's a different matter, but comparing life saving medical care to an admitted luxury doesn't work, IMHO, however we scale the ratio.

Oh, I agree loosely speaking, but there are both the intangible 'what is life worth without pleasure and the right to make my own decisions' arguments, and then the more measurable "Did our suicide rate just jump 10% because or new tax system decreased luxury purchases by 50%?" argument. Happiness is a medicine, and like medicine, there is a 'too high a dose' level. Utopia bliss via nanny state removes motivation, eyond the obvious, that an increase in suicides or depression from a relatively minor decrease in available luxuries from increased taxation isn't necessarily something we should really care about. Again though, suicide is a bit of an extreme example, but depression isn't, there is a point at which loss of productivity and life from depression caused by decreased access to luxury items will exceed revenue from taxes.

Largely true, though I'd like to note in passing that the philosophical "what is life worth without...?" is a question the dead never pose. People kill themselves because they don't want to slowly starve, or die of exposure, but there's a very short list of people who kill themselves over XBoxes, and the fact is luxury items aren't really the problem there.
Social scientists have the training within their fields, but, as already noted, it's a popular fallback position for would be engineers broken by the math requirements. The education example is good one; ironically, I was just recently talking to someone about a Scandinavian city firing some teachers because they sought to INCREASE class size to more efficient levels. Despite the fact they were already at between 25-30 students (the same levels often considered the extreme upper limit of efficiency here. ) You have to balance the frequent need for one on one interaction against the need to educate as many students as possible with finite resources. One of the reasons experts in their field don't always make the best educators in that field is because different people have different learning strengths, and part of what education degrees provide (theoretically... ) is the various tools needed to reach different students. Some of us can just absorb an equation thrown out on a chalkboard, but that doesn't help the kids who think spatially, or visually, or orally, the techniques that work for each of those may not work for any of the others, so you need a teacher who knows them all.

Sure, but in the broad sense of stats, you always want to double down on your best bet. If a kid reacts better to a thousand extra dollars spent on math on him then the same in English, it's better spent there, except insofar as we want a certian minimum across the board standard. That desire for a minimum standard can be factored into things, you just have to find a reasonable value. I don't want to burn 10k getting a student to min standard when they're at about 90%, when I can spend the same amount getting 10 kids from 90 to 100. All these arguments are legit, but only so long as a reasonable weigh to weight them can be included, essentially "We think it's more important to make five subpar students literate then 10 average students know algebra, so we divert resources in accoradance with that, whatever the value is in money that statistically gives us 4 for 10, we say no"

Basic cost/benefit analysis; it may be less expensive to get ten kids who know their Rembrandt from their Picasso than to teach them to integrate, too, but which has the better pay off? In a lot of ways, social sciences are MORE challenging than the natural sciences with its control groups and neatly measurable results, and in the context of national and global policy making, arguably as important or more. Guess which pays better....
I do think the kind of actuarial analysis you're suggesting is an excellent idea, but to do it you're going to have to make social and physical sciences equally rewarding so that you don't have so many people making the latter their second choice of profession when they can't perform in the first. In terms of education in particular, I'm also reminded UT has a corollary to the old saw:

Well, phsyical science pay more than social sciences, actually physics, engineeering, and chem BS degrees have consistently and significantly scored higher in average earnings than all other degrees, and probably not coincidentally score higher on GRE exams in the same way. Partially of course, having a phsyical scientist is very expensinve for a company, beyond salary, setting up a 20 million dollar lab for your new scientist makes it easier to say "Sure, 10k per annum higher, that's fair" and we are very hard to economically replace for similiar reasons.

It's easier to calculate the return on your investment with the physical sciences. That does not, in itself, make it a BETTER investment, but that's how we compensate it.
"The limit of engineering as GPA approaches zero is business; the limit of BUSINESS as GPA approaches zero is education. "

Personally, I think it's past time the country that coined the phrase "you get what you pay for" applied it to public education, because an uneducated electorate is its own worst enemy.

Yes, but a semi-educated populace can actually be a bigger enemy. "Knows just enough to get into trouble" being that the guy who is dumb and knows he's dumb won't try to fix his own TV, whereas the guy who has a bit of knowledge tends to think he has more and unplugs his TV before working on it, not realizing that a TV is one big capacitor and a relative large one (pre flat-screen) carries enough juice in it to stop your heart. PErsonally I'd like to see a lot less science and history in HS, and a lot more accounting, shop, and first aid. Most of the history people really need to know and are likely to learn in school will be taught to them from general cultural exposure as years go on, and there's nothing worse than someone who finishes off a HS or intro college course on history or philosophy or science and thinks they know what the f they are talking about. The only point of doing that at all is to give them some basics in the hope they might find a field they're passionate about and continue on in it. You take evolution, what the heck is even the point of teaching that in HS? You take ten seconds and say "Currently scientists believe that life adapts over long periods of time, so that creatures in a given environment will tend to be more optimized to it, other less survivable forms having died off. Random mutation occurs, and sometimes these represent benefits and remain. This is called the Theory of Evolution, and has not yet been proven, moving on..." Now, honestly, what point is there to telling them anymore than that, and aren't they likely to already know as much from TV and socializing? It all boils down in the kids head to the mostly accurate if not-exactly-correct summary "The world is old, over time creatures have progressed to more sophisticated and superior forms" so why even bother at that level raising something controversial that makes a lot of people on the right think the left is pushing an atheist agenda and really doesn't benefit the average student anyway? Spend a couple class session not on evolution but rather on pathogen vectors and the importance of handwashing and not coughing into your palm, save a lot more lives and money that way and piss off no one.

Oh, I agree, but I think we semi-educate our populace just fine because we take the dregs of the dregs to teach them, well, everything they'll ever learn in school. It's not much better in universities, where most of the faculty is seeking grant money or publish or perishing their way to tenure (or trying) and farming out their classes and/or research to grad students. We place a premium on education, but don't seem to truly VALUE it, hence the phenomenon whereby you need a bachelors degree or better to get a management position, but ANY bachelors will do; they don't want you to prove more than your ability to game the system.
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Why bipartisanship can't work: the expert view - 01/02/2010 11:34:58 PM 865 Views
And a personal comment - 01/02/2010 11:39:28 PM 600 Views
Re: And a personal comment - 02/02/2010 01:16:53 AM 555 Views
Who's to say YOU really know what's happening in Washington, though? - 02/02/2010 01:41:20 AM 632 Views
*thumbs up* *NM* - 02/02/2010 01:50:45 AM 222 Views
Or should I say... ? *NM* - 02/02/2010 01:51:03 AM 246 Views
I Don't watch tv - 02/02/2010 02:29:53 AM 593 Views
not to mention those who mistake knowledge for understanding - 02/02/2010 10:41:14 PM 445 Views
Even so. - 05/02/2010 05:45:54 AM 469 Views
Like the NYT? - 05/02/2010 02:12:36 PM 503 Views
I don't believe the Times has ever conceded bias. - 05/02/2010 06:03:02 PM 525 Views
and neither does Fox so I am not sure that matters - 05/02/2010 06:40:15 PM 566 Views
Note that I didn't mention Fox (or anyone, for that matter. ) - 05/02/2010 07:13:31 PM 499 Views
PBS is biased - 05/02/2010 07:21:14 PM 471 Views
You're entitled to believe that. - 05/02/2010 07:31:07 PM 601 Views
PBS has an obvious yet undeclared bias so does NPR - 09/02/2010 04:47:53 AM 434 Views
We have been for some time. - 02/02/2010 03:31:10 AM 497 Views
I don't think that's the case - 03/02/2010 02:59:50 PM 477 Views
Universal healthcare was the primary plank in Clintons '92 platform. - 04/02/2010 10:02:18 AM 461 Views
That does not mean his bare plurality was an endorsement of National Healthcare - 04/02/2010 02:09:32 PM 590 Views
I don't think he won by default, and that was his primary issue. - 05/02/2010 08:09:50 AM 602 Views
Re: I don't think he won by default, and that was his primary issue. - 05/02/2010 03:52:23 PM 558 Views
[insert witty subject line here] - 06/02/2010 02:15:21 AM 589 Views
Let me break this into multiple replies here - 06/02/2010 07:45:36 PM 569 Views
'K - 08/02/2010 01:22:12 PM 552 Views
Probably time to go into 'summary mode' - 08/02/2010 07:34:55 PM 581 Views
Again, we're back to "how would you prefer to do it?" - 09/02/2010 09:42:51 AM 606 Views
Any way that works, which currently probably is none - 09/02/2010 06:12:41 PM 544 Views
I think HDI is more accurate than nothing, though it certainly needs some fine tuning. - 10/02/2010 11:03:08 AM 595 Views
Sorry for the delay... - 12/02/2010 11:40:21 PM 686 Views
NP, life happens. - 15/02/2010 02:06:55 PM 681 Views
I'll play a bigger age card since it was my third election to vote in and he won because of Perot - 05/02/2010 05:57:04 PM 483 Views
Let's put it another way: Why did Dems nominate him instead of, say, Gephardt? - 06/02/2010 02:22:04 AM 554 Views
you don't get mandates from primaries - 08/02/2010 02:12:29 PM 453 Views
No, but end of the day more people wanted healthcare than didn't. - 08/02/2010 03:09:31 PM 465 Views
everyone want health care they just don't want congress runnig it - 09/02/2010 04:56:44 AM 502 Views
Whom do you prefer? - 09/02/2010 10:07:39 AM 524 Views
Sorry not a big fan of socialism I hear it big over in Europe though - 09/02/2010 02:23:55 PM 426 Views
I prefer Thomas Woods Jr's description of bipartisanship - 02/02/2010 02:49:06 AM 486 Views
If only someone had stood up on 8 December, 1941 and said, "hey, you're not supposed to do stuff!" - 02/02/2010 03:28:38 AM 634 Views
you're making a good job taking things out of context, Joel - 03/02/2010 12:47:57 PM 454 Views
Pearl Harbor would never have happened to a classically liberal nation - 05/02/2010 01:33:56 AM 478 Views
Maybe; Billy Mitchell might debate that were he alive. - 05/02/2010 05:34:54 AM 591 Views
Wow - that was a dumb statement even for you! - 05/02/2010 04:22:59 PM 658 Views
Some information and a question - 02/03/2010 05:49:20 AM 995 Views
Or the democratic party has shifted so far to to the left they can't even get all of the dems - 02/02/2010 02:39:14 PM 456 Views
You didn't hear all the whining when Bush was in charge with a Republican Congress? - 02/02/2010 08:50:05 PM 473 Views
I there was plenty of whining going on - 02/02/2010 10:36:56 PM 399 Views
Is this you conceding that the GOP is being obstructionist? - 08/02/2010 01:43:04 PM 431 Views
I agree they are obstructing the libs from doing whatever they want - 08/02/2010 02:19:13 PM 359 Views
They've tried including Republicans in drafting bills. - 08/02/2010 03:08:17 PM 517 Views
tyring to pcik off one republican is not including republicans - 09/02/2010 05:03:44 AM 465 Views
Um... sorry, man.... - 10/02/2010 11:06:22 AM 639 Views

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