There's a huge amount of stories of every sort in science, as in everything else, which are bullshit or probably bullshit. Like I said, lots of people say there was a consensus science was complete, but always ones who didn't think so themselves, I've never seen (though I'm sure there are some) any writings form respected scientists of that era saying "Yep, science is wrapped up or nearly so"
I actually doubt it will be that earthshaking, it would be nice if it was but Olber's Paradox, as mentioned, was not very earthshattering in its resolution. I can name a couple dozen other big ones that were resolved as near footnotes. Duality itself, "It's both", doesn't really bug me anyway, it just is, same as opposite particles repelling, and anti-particle annihilating, we know how, why is probably not something we'll get to find out in the foreseeable future.
Unfortunately there are a lot of things in physics that require a lot of math to understand. I try to explain without it when I can, I'll even fudge reality a bit to fit a decent analogy, but there's not an obvious one to me for this that wouldn't be 'too wrong' to offer. From a practical standpoint just assume larger black holes are cooler because they have considerably more volume increase then mass increases, and emit less light because of that, same as a blackbody. Fill two objects, one twice the size of the other, with a cup of boiling water and dump them into the void and the bigger one will give off less background radiation. Same basic concept but the math is different, for instance you've got redshift of light as a huge factor for something outside a black hole's event horizon but still very under its gravitational influence.
Since the SM doesn't include Dark Matter particles at all I'm not exactly worrying about the gravitons absence making the model not 100% complete and proven.
I'm sorry I'm still not clear what you're trying to say here, as I said any system is almost bound to have a gradient (net direction of force that is non-zero after almost everything cancels out), it doesn't matter for our purposes, it's minimal, and in an infinite universe it just average out anyway but even if it didn't, remember that a particle flying away form us redshifts and gets dimmer, and toward us blue shifts and gets brighter, kinetic energy still contributes to an objects brightness.
If you're asking if a net outward motion would decrease the brightness then yeah, and if it were sufficient enough we'd have a dark sky... that's the point, everything has a major outward motion from us, expanding Universe, no paradox.
In a heat-dead universe all energy is kinetic, its just all random with no pockets of greater or lesser to work with. That's entropy.
Very Zen. Also kinda meaningless, which is typical of such I suppose. Like I said, I don't know if there are a finite number of questions or if they are all solvable, I've never seen any evidence indicating that was or wasn't so, I know the questions we currently have and I'd like them answered if they can be, some may spawn more questions, some may not, I worry about those if and when they appear because otherwise it amounts, IMO, to a sort of fatalism.
- Albert Einstein
King of Cairhien 20-7-2
Chancellor of the Landsraad, Archduke of Is'Mod