You are using multiple European examples to say that national identity can exist without a nation yet you are applying it to a region where even when there are nations there is no national identity.
Every single person whom I know who has spent appreciable time in that region agrees that there are no ties to artificial nations. One of my friends spent over a year training Iraqi Special Forces. These were people largely from urban backgrounds and they had no sense of national identity but strong ties to clan. It was to clan leaders that we appealed to create the "Sunni Awakening" because going to government officials would be a waste of time. These were people living in Baghdad, Fallujah, Ramadi, Mosul and other large cities where you wrongly assert that clan structures haven't played a role in centuries.
The term "Arab world" IS a misnomer. These people speak various languages that we call "Arabic" because they are descended from the Classical Arabic spoken by the tiny numbers of invaders who were demographically swallowed up into existing Egyptian, Berber, Assyrian, Syrian, Phoenician, Babylonian and Yemeni populations. However, you know well that a Moroccan would have problems communicating with an Iraqi, and although Egyptians tend to understand other dialects, people from other dialects often have problems with Egyptian Arabic.
Not only that, but we saw attempts at "Arab nationalism" under Nasser. They failed. Regionalism won out. Again, there were people who were trying to unite the Arab world over the Palestinians, but other Arabs treat them like shit, think they're the lowest form of Arab imaginable and ultimately didn't do anything. Finally, there have been people trying to stop the violence in Iraq and Syria but they failed because there isn't even a national consciousness at that baseline level.
It's nothing like the situation in Russia, either. Ethnic Russians ended up colonizing Siberia and over 90% of the population of Siberia is ethnically Russian or Ukrainian. There are hardly any indigenous peoples because they were never populous to begin with and have historically low birth rates, so Russians completely overwhelmed them demographically. There are perhaps 2 million indigenous peoples out of a population in excess of 30 million. It's the exact OPPOSITE of the Arab invasions - Russia would be like the so-called "Arab world" if the indigenous peoples of Siberia had conquered Russia and imposed their language and religion on a huge majority.
ἡ δὲ κἀκ τριῶν τρυπημάτων ἐργαζομένη ἐνεκάλει τῇ φύσει, δυσφορουμένη, ὅτι δὴ μὴ καὶ τοὺς τιτθοὺς αὐτῇ εὐρύτερον ἢ νῦν εἰσι τρυπώη, ὅπως καὶ ἄλλην ἐνταῦθα μίξιν ἐπιτεχνᾶσθαι δυνατὴ εἴη. – Procopius
Ummaka qinnassa nīk!
*MySmiley*